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Exercise 2.1: Moral judgments (transfer task) | Exercise 2.1: Moral judgments (transfer task) | ||
Research a raw material extraction project: | Research a raw material extraction project: | ||
* Describe the influence of the operation in your own words. | |||
* Analyse the project for reactions (comments, discussions, etc.) in which moral judgements are expressed. Specify the reactions. | |||
* Are the judgements consistent? Can you identify different values? Can you identify whether the (different) judgements) come from different communities? | |||
* How do you assess the impact of the mining operation? Why do you assess it this way? | |||
Time to complete approx. 75 min. | |||
<small>Time to complete approx. 75 min.</small> | |||
Communities have morals. And morals can differ from community to community. We can see that there is not just one morality, but many morals. Some morals will be reconcilable and compatible with each other, while others may be contradictory or even incompatible. The mining example just outlined already points to these possible tensions. | Communities have morals. And morals can differ from community to community. We can see that there is not just one morality, but many morals. Some morals will be reconcilable and compatible with each other, while others may be contradictory or even incompatible. The mining example just outlined already points to these possible tensions. | ||
<loop_area type="citation"> | <loop_area type="citation"> | ||
'''In-depth''' | '''In-depth''' | ||
<small>From: Manstetten (2006) | <small>From: Manstetten (2006) <cite page="97-100" id="67596aee2c403">Ma06</cite>, authors‘ translation</small> | ||
<loop_spoiler text="Original Quote" type="transparent"> | |||
'''Individualismus und Fundamentalismus: Varianten einer begründungsfreien Moral''' | |||
Der Eindruck, dass Ethik bei aller Anstrengung des begründenden und Argumente kritisch prüfenden Verstandes zu beliebigen Resultaten führe, kann die Ansicht stützen, das Ziel, eine angemessene Moral und damit ein gerechtes Leben zu begründen, sei unmöglich zu erreichen. Diese Ansicht findet sich in bestimmten Tendenzen des Zeitgeistes wieder. Zwei davon möchte ich benennen, die nur auf den ersten Blick gegensätzlich erscheinen. | |||
# Viele Menschen vertreten die Ansicht, jeder Mensch möge doch für sich entscheiden, welche Moralvorstellungen er sich zu eigen macht. Was gut und gerecht ist, sagen sie, ist für jeden etwas anderes. Begründungen dafür sind weder möglich noch nötig. Daraus folgt, dass jedes Individuum, ohne auf ernsthaften Widerspruch zu stoßen, behaupten könnte: „Was gut und gerecht ist, ist es deswegen, weil ich es gut und gerecht finde.“ Wir können dies als ein individualistisches Verständnis von Moral bezeichnen. | |||
# Zunehmend machen sich Menschen, nicht nur in islamischen Ländern, sondern auch in den USA und Europa, eine bestimmte, meist rigide Moral zu eigen, die sie auf ihre jeweilige Religion, etwa das Christentum, das Judentum oder den Islam, zurückführen. Diese Moral wollen sie nicht begründen, weil sie von vorneherein sicher zu sein behaupten, dass diese und keine andere in ihrer Religion bzw. in den heiligen Schriften dieser Religion vorgeschrieben und eben deshalb die richtige sei. Selbst wenn andere Leser dieser Schriften daraus ein anderes Verständnis von Moral ablesen, lassen sie sich davon nicht berühren. Dies kann als ein fundamentalistisches Verständnis von Moral bezeichnet werden. | |||
Individualistische und fundamentalistische Moral behaupten, Reflexion über Moral sei weder nötig noch möglich. Sie geraten jedoch strukturell in die gleichen Schwierigkeiten: Was geschieht im Konfliktfall zwischen einander widersprechenden Vorstellungen von Moral? | |||
Betrachten wir den Individualismus: Jedes Individuum mag seine eigene Moral haben, solange es nur um das eigene Leben geht und niemand sonst von den Handlungen dieses Individuums betroffen wird; aber wenn Menschen in einer Ehe, einer Familie, einem Verein, einem Unternehmen oder einem Staat miteinander leben, handeln, und teilen, müssen sie sich über bestimmte moralische Prinzipien einig sein, sonst gibt es keinerlei längerfristige Interaktion zwischen ihnen bzw. sonst werden die Interaktionen zwischen ihnen in Streit und Krieg enden. Die individualistische Moral funktioniert nur, solange entweder die Individuen nur für sich leben oder solange sie – zufälligerweise – nur mit solchen Menschen in Verbindung treten, die sich an die gleiche Moral wie sie halten. | |||
Bei den Fundamentalisten ist es scheinbar anders: Sie behaupten, eine Moral zu vertreten, die für alle Menschen gilt. Das funktioniert aber nur, wenn ausschließlich Fundamentalisten ein- und derselben Richtung miteinander Umgang pflegen. Was aber machen sie, wenn sie auf Menschen treffen, die dieser Moral nicht folgen – etwa Fundamentalisten mit einer anderen Moral? So gesehen, ist ihr ethisches Problem nicht strukturell verschieden von dem der Individualisten. Während aber die Individualisten im Konfliktfall erkennen könnten, was das Problem ihrer individualistischen Moralbegründung ist, neigen Fundamentalisten zu einer gewissen Blindheit: Da sie ohnehin im Recht sind, müssen die anderen im Unrecht sein. Es macht dann allerdings einen großen Unterschied, ob Fundamentalisten in der Lage sind, das Dasein dieser anderen irgendwie zu ertragen, oder ob sie der Überzeugung sind, man müsse alle, die das eigene Verständnis von Moral nicht teilen, bekämpfen, unterdrücken oder gar töten. In jedem Fall aber zählen die Moralvorstellungen der anderen nicht, man ist ihnen moralisch immer überlegen. | |||
Bei aller Kritik am Individualismus und Fundamentalismus – beide Positionen können durchaus verführerische Züge annehmen. Dass jeder tun und lassen kann was er will – das ist eine Utopie, die tief in den Grundlagen moderner Gesellschaften ihre Wurzeln hat und dem Lebensgefühl vieler Menschen von heute entspricht. Dieses Lebensgefühl kann aber leicht umschlagen in ein anderes Lebensgefühl: dass die Lebensformen und Lebensumstände vieler Menschen in diesen Gesellschaften etwas zutiefst Haltloses in sich tragen. Dieses Lebensgefühl kann sich schließlich in den Charakter dieser Menschen einschreiben und Depression und Verzweiflung bewirken. Wer das moderne Lebensgefühl in dieser Weise an sich selbst erfährt, mag den Fundamentalismus als attraktiv erachten, insofern damit ein angeblich unzerstörbarer Halt mitgeliefert wird: Alles Zweifeln und Fragen ist zu Ende. Verlangen nach radikaler Selbstbestimmung und Sehnsucht nach einem sicheren Halt jenseits des eigenen Selbst – das kann sich sogar beides in einem Menschen finden. | |||
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„Individualism and fundamentalism: Variants of a morality without reasons | „Individualism and fundamentalism: Variants of a morality without reasons | ||
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Despite all the criticism of individualism and fundamentalism - both positions can certainly take on seductive traits. Everyone can do what they want - this is a utopia that has its roots deep in the foundations of modern societies and corresponds to many people's attitude to life. However, this attitude to life can easily turn into a different attitude to life: i.e. that the lifestyles and living conditions of many people in these societies are something different. This attitude to life can ultimately become inscribed in the character of these people and cause depression and despair. Those who experience the modern attitude to life in this way may find fundamentalism attractive. This is insofar as it provides a supposedly indestructible foothold: All doubting and questioning is obsolete. The desire for radical self-determination and the longing for a secure foothold beyond one's own self - both can even be found in one person.“ | Despite all the criticism of individualism and fundamentalism - both positions can certainly take on seductive traits. Everyone can do what they want - this is a utopia that has its roots deep in the foundations of modern societies and corresponds to many people's attitude to life. However, this attitude to life can easily turn into a different attitude to life: i.e. that the lifestyles and living conditions of many people in these societies are something different. This attitude to life can ultimately become inscribed in the character of these people and cause depression and despair. Those who experience the modern attitude to life in this way may find fundamentalism attractive. This is insofar as it provides a supposedly indestructible foothold: All doubting and questioning is obsolete. The desire for radical self-determination and the longing for a secure foothold beyond one's own self - both can even be found in one person.“ | ||
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In everyday language, the two terms ethics and morals are usually used synonymously and are not scrutinised further. They are often linked with paternalism. This is because moral statements are often associated to commandments or prohibitions. Its visible symbol is the raised index finger. It may reprimand one as well as show one the supposedly correct path from the perspective of its holder. But it is not that simple. Ethics and morality do not have to be associated with paternalism per se, nor are they identical notions.
Morality can be understood as a system of values that is actually practised in a community. It is a system of order that reflects the values and meaning of a community of practice. In such a community, certain patterns of behaviour have developed over time that claim validity for the members of this very community. This means that the members of such a community have expectations towards the actions of its members and are expected to fulfil these expectations themselves. A moral action is therefore an action that follows the rules of the prevailing morality of the group.
Moral actions follow rules to which the members of a community of values submit. The actions and their results are recognised via social mechanisms. If a person has acted well and correctly in the sense of the moral community, they receive appreciation and praise. If, on the other hand, they have violated the applicable moral standards, they will be disrespected and reprimanded and socially ostracised. [Pi17, p. 26]
Example: A mining company explores a new raw material deposit in a remote region and begins mining after obtaining the necessary authorization and finishing the exploration of the deposit. The operation gives the region an economic boost and expands its infrastructure. At the same time, the extraction of raw materials changes the landscape and endangers the environment and the population’s livelihood. As a result, one group could see the company as a positive promoter of the region and the indigenous people. In contrast, another group could call it an irresponsible destroyer of the environment and indigenous culture.
Exercise 2.1: Moral judgments (transfer task) Research a raw material extraction project:
Time to complete approx. 75 min.
Communities have morals. And morals can differ from community to community. We can see that there is not just one morality, but many morals. Some morals will be reconcilable and compatible with each other, while others may be contradictory or even incompatible. The mining example just outlined already points to these possible tensions.
In-depth
From: Manstetten (2006) Ma06, p. 97-100, authors‘ translation
„Individualism and fundamentalism: Variants of a morality without reasons
The impression that ethics leads to arbitrary results despite all the efforts of the reasoning and critically examining mind can support the view that the goal of establishing an appropriate morality and thus a just life is impossible to achieve. This view is reflected in certain tendencies of the Zeitgeist. I would like to highlight two of these, which only appear contradictory at first glance.
Individualist and fundamentalist morality claim that reflection on morality is neither necessary nor possible. However, they run into the same structural difficulties: What happens in the case of conflict between contradictory ideas of morality?
Consider individualism: each individual may have their own morality as long as it is only about their own life and no one else is affected by the actions of that individual. But when people live, act and share with each other in a marriage, a family, an association, a company or a state, they have to agree on certain moral principles. If not there will be no long-term interaction between them or else the interactions between them will end in conflict and war. Individualistic morality only works as long as either the individuals live only for themselves or as long as they - coincidentally - only interact with people who adhere to the same morals as they do.
It is apparently different with fundamentalists: they claim to represent a morality that applies to all people. However, this only works if only fundamentalists of one and the same ideology engage with each other. But what do they do when they meet people who do not follow this morality - such as fundamentalists with a different morality? Seen in this light, their ethical problem is structurally not different from that of the individualists.
However, while individualists could recognise the problem with their individualistic moral justification in the event of a conflict, fundamentalists tend to be blind for that: since they are right anyway, the others must be wrong. However, it makes a big difference whether fundamentalists are somehow able to tolerate the presence of these others or whether they are convinced that everyone who does not share their own understanding of morality must be fought, suppressed or even killed. In any case, the moral concepts of others do not count, they are always morally superior to them.
Despite all the criticism of individualism and fundamentalism - both positions can certainly take on seductive traits. Everyone can do what they want - this is a utopia that has its roots deep in the foundations of modern societies and corresponds to many people's attitude to life. However, this attitude to life can easily turn into a different attitude to life: i.e. that the lifestyles and living conditions of many people in these societies are something different. This attitude to life can ultimately become inscribed in the character of these people and cause depression and despair. Those who experience the modern attitude to life in this way may find fundamentalism attractive. This is insofar as it provides a supposedly indestructible foothold: All doubting and questioning is obsolete. The desire for radical self-determination and the longing for a secure foothold beyond one's own self - both can even be found in one person.“
Bernd G. Lottermoser /
Matthias Schmidt (eds.)
with contributions of
Anna S. Hüncke, Nina Küpper and Sören E. Schuster
Publisher: UVG-Verlag
Year of first publication: 2024 (Work In Progress)
ISBN: 978-3-948709-26-6
Licence: Ethics in Mining Copyright © 2024 by Bernd G. Lottermoser/Matthias Schmidt is licensed under Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International Deed, except where otherwise noted.